Stylized Facts

Reading Time: 9 minutes1. Part 2 introduction Part 1 established the structural anatomy of the series: a strong trend plus durable seasonality. Part 2 asks three applied questions that matter for analysts and policymakers. First, how persistent is construction activity once you look beyond the seasonal pattern? Second, can a standard ARIMA model…

Reading Time: 7 minutesThis post analyses in two parts Serbia’s quarterly Construction index (base 2021 = 100) over 2000Q1–2024Q4. The tone is deliberately “macro-for-educated-readers”, but the logic is firmly time-series: separate the long-run trajectory from regular seasonal swings, then ask what remains, and whether that “remainder” lines up with the broader GDP cycle….

Reading Time: 5 minutesDigitalisation is routinely marketed as the straightest line from the shop floor to higher productivity. Install the software, connect the machines, automate the paperwork, and competitiveness should follow. Yet inside real manufacturing firms, especially mid-sized ones operating under tight labour markets and uncertain demand, digital transformation rarely behaves like a…

Reading Time: 5 minutesESG, Environmental, Social, and Governance, has become finance’s favorite shorthand for “future-proofing.” In theory, firms that manage environmental exposure, social relations, and governance quality should be safer borrowers: fewer regulatory shocks, fewer reputational blow-ups, cleaner compliance, better management discipline. That intuition has helped ESG migrate from corporate PR to investor…

Reading Time: 7 minutesData context and figures. This note interprets a set of monthly charts for Serbia’s retail trade (constant prices) and catering (constant prices). The figures include original vs seasonally adjusted series (in levels and logs), STL decompositions, a scatterplot matrix, first- and seasonally-differenced views, “trend vs seasonal contribution” comparisons, and a…

Reading Time: 7 minutes1. Introduction Unit labour cost (ULC) is a compact measure of cost-pressures from wages relative to productivity. When ULC rises, each unit of output requires more labour cost; when it falls, firms can produce the same output with cheaper effective labour. In an export-exposed sector such as Serbian industry, persistent…

Reading Time: 9 minutes1. Introduction Average wages are one of the cleanest windows into an economy’s living-standard dynamics. They condense firm-level conditions, labour-market tightness, bargaining institutions, and macro shocks into a single sequence that households feel directly. In Serbia, wage statistics are published monthly and, viewed over two decades, carry the imprint of…

Reading Time: 13 minutes1. Introduction Real gross domestic product (real GDP) measures the total value of goods and services produced in an economy, corrected for changes in prices. In the case of Slovenia, we are looking at a series of “chain-linked volumes, index 2020 = 100,” which allows comparisons over time without distortions…

Reading Time: 15 minutes1. Introduction Real gross domestic product (real GDP) is the broadest summary measure of economic activity. It captures the value of goods and services produced in an economy after adjusting for inflation, allowing comparisons over time that are not distorted by changes in prices. For a small, open, upper-middle-income economy…

Reading Time: 15 minutes1. Introduction Real gross domestic product (real GDP) is the broadest single measure of economic activity. It summarises how much value an economy produces, adjusted for inflation, and thus captures the evolution of living standards, productive capacity and cyclical conditions over time. For a small, open, post-transition economy such as…